Exposure to Phthalate Metabolite Mixtures as a Risk Factor for Low Muscle Mass: Insights From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2018)

Ambient contamination may contribute to low muscle mass development, yet evidence regarding the detrimental impacts of phthalate metabolites on muscle wasting is scarce. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between individual and collective phthalate metabolite exposures and low muscle mass occurrence and assess the mediating role of body mass index (BMI).