Factors Associated With Improvement in Frailty Status Defined Using the Frailty Phenotype: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Frailty is a state characterized by decreased reserve across multiple physiological systems due to aged-related cumulative deficits.1 Once frailty has developed, it often leads to a downward spiral in overall health.1 However, frailty is not necessarily an irreversible process but a dynamic continuum state that can both worsen and improve over time.2 Although numerous previous studies have examined various factors associated with increased frailty risks,3 little is known regarding frailty status improvement and related factors, and there is no systematic review and meta-analysis found in the literature.